In general, charge Q was determined by steady current I flowing for a time t as Q = It. Conversely, a current of one ampere is one coulomb of charge going past a given point per second:ġ A = 1 C/s. The SI unit of charge, the coulomb, "is the quantity of electricity carried in 1 second by a current of 1 ampere". The ampere is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602 176 634 × 10 −19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A⋅s, where the second is defined in terms of ∆ ν Cs, the unperturbed ground state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom. In SI, the unit of charge, the coulomb, is defined as the charge carried by one ampere during one second. The ampere was then defined as one coulomb of charge per second. The earlier CGS system had two definitions of current, one essentially the same as the SI's and the other using electric charge as the base unit, with the unit of charge defined by measuring the force between two charged metal plates. Prior to the redefinition the ampere was defined as the current that would need to be passed through 2 parallel wires 1 metre apart to produce a magnetic force of 2 ×10 −7 newtons per metre. The ampere ( / ˈ æ m p ɛər/, US: / ˈ æ m p ɪər/ symbol: A), often shortened to amp, is the SI base unit of electric current, named after French mathematician and physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836), considered the father of electromagnetism along with Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted.Īs of the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, the ampere is defined by setting the magnitude of the elementary charge to 1.602 176 634 ×10 −19 C ( coulomb), which means an ampere is an electrical current equivalent to 10 19 elementary charges passing every 1.602 176 634 seconds. As the current through the coil increases, the plunger is drawn further into the coil and the pointer deflects to the right. Meaning takes into account: Vocabulary with which it will be described Iconography – symbolic visual systems Audience - intended viewers Immediacy – think traffic light vs.Demonstration model of a moving iron ammeter. museum painting Stereotypes – preconceptions Clichés – an overused expression or predictable treatment of an idea Surprise – a shift in stereotype or cliché Meaning takes into account: Vocabulary with which it will be described Iconography – symbolic visual systems Audience - intended viewers Immediacy – think traffic light vs. Psychological – intended to influence the mind or emotion remember Damien Hirst’s shark? Associative – connected to other thoughts, feelings, ideas, or sensations what do you associate with a pyramid with an eye over it? Meanings themselves can be: Literal – taken at face value a spoon is a spoon – a dog is a dog Symbolic – representing something else In a poem, a budding flower could mean youth. The impossibility of death in the mind of someone living.
The circuit of meaning needs to be complete, but never closed, so that the viewer’s participation can serve as the final, electrifying link. The most effective visual artworks attempt to strike a balance between providing enough information so that the intended meaning can occur, but not providing so much information that the viewer is left with nothing to do other then bear passive witness. Shapes, objects, and places don’t mean… Only People Do Meaning is not an essence or attribute of objects or symbols Meaning is not a matter of a dictionary definition Nor is it fixed or stable To convey or indicate as having a purpose or intentionĪre meanings always the same? Human Pyramid?
The more we know, the better we understand Because art poses questions, better knowledge allows the viewer to get more out of an artwork.
Our understanding of things changes the world Artists attempt to influence they way things mean Artists attempt to influence the worldĪrt is not “in” an object or connected to any specific materials or processesĪrt poses questions rather then offering answers Art is open ended Because art is open ended, different viewers will get different things out of it. Artists create Artists are creative Artists (may or may not) create things Things have meaning Artists create meaning
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